by Janosi
[Front Matter and Table of Contents]: This segment contains the title page, publication details, and a comprehensive table of contents for the first volume of Friedrich Engel-Janosi's work on the relationship between Austria and the Vatican from 1846 to 1918. The table of contents outlines the pontificates of Pius IX and Leo XIII, covering key historical events such as the Conclave of 1846, the 1848 revolutions, the crisis of the Papal States (1859-1861), the Syllabus of Errors, the First Vatican Council, and the early years of Leo XIII's papacy. It highlights the roles of major diplomatic figures like Metternich, Lützow, Antonelli, and Kálnoky. [Table of Contents: Chapters 11 and 12]: This segment provides a detailed table of contents for the final chapters of the volume, covering the dismissal of Count Kálnoky and the diplomatic struggles against Cardinal Rampolla. It lists key events such as the German Emperor's visit to Rome, the rise of the Christian Social Party, and the tensions surrounding the Slavic question and the 'Roman Question'. [List of Illustrations and Introduction]: The author provides a list of illustrations and an extensive introduction explaining the methodology and sources used for the study. He emphasizes the value of previously untapped diplomatic correspondence from Austrian and French archives, arguing that Austrian diplomacy was more skilled than its reputation suggests. The introduction also discusses the unique relationship between the Papacy and the Habsburg Monarchy, noting the persistent tensions despite their shared conservative interests. [The Conclave of 1846]: This chapter examines the election of Pope Pius IX following the death of Gregory XVI. It details the political atmosphere in Rome and the interests of the European powers, particularly Austria and France. The author analyzes the 'Tableau des Cardinaux' sent by Ambassador Lützow and Metternich's instructions, revealing that Austria's attempt to exercise its veto against Cardinal Bernetti arrived too late, as the conclave was unexpectedly short. The initial positive reception of Mastai-Ferretti's election by Austrian officials is also noted. [Austrian Political Advice to Pius IX (1846-1848)]: This chapter explores the early years of Pius IX's pontificate and the conflicting advice he received from Austria and France. Metternich urged the Pope to maintain authority and avoid 'concessions' to liberal demands, while France encouraged reforms. The text details the growing unrest in the Papal States, the Ferrara crisis involving Austrian military intervention, and the Pope's struggle to balance his role as an Italian patriot with his duties as the universal head of the Church during the revolutionary upheavals of 1848. [The Exile in Gaeta and the Restoration]: This section covers the Pope's flight to Gaeta, the proclamation of the Roman Republic, and the subsequent diplomatic efforts to restore the Papal temporal power. It highlights the rivalry between Austria and France during the restoration process. Count Moritz Esterházy represents Austrian interests, while France sends an expeditionary force to Rome. The chapter details the negotiations over internal reforms in the Papal States, culminating in the Motu Proprio of Portici and the Pope's eventual return to Rome in 1850. [The Quiet Years and the Concordat of 1855]: This chapter focuses on the period of relative stability following the restoration, marked by the negotiation and signing of the Austrian Concordat of 1855. This agreement signaled the end of Josephinism in Austria and established a new partnership between the Habsburg throne and the Catholic Church. The author also discusses the internal administration of the Papal States under Cardinal Antonelli, the reorganization of the Papal army, and the Pope's 1857 journey through his territories. [The Crisis of the Papal States (1859-1861)]: This chapter details the catastrophic loss of Papal territory during the Second Italian War of Independence and the subsequent unification of Italy. It analyzes the impact of the Austrian defeat at Solferino, the withdrawal of Austrian troops from the Legations, and the failure of the proposed European congress. The author examines the diplomatic maneuvers of Count Rechberg and Ambassador Alexander Bach as they attempted to protect the Pope's remaining territories against the advances of Cavour and Garibaldi, leading up to the defeat at Castelfidardo. [The Road to 1866: Syllabus and September Convention]: This section covers the mid-1860s, focusing on the Syllabus Errorum (1864) and the September Convention between France and Italy. It details the mission of Ambassador Hübner and the impact of the 1866 Austro-Prussian War on the Roman Question. Despite its own military crisis, Austria insisted on the preservation of the Pope's temporal power in secret treaties with France. The chapter concludes with the French withdrawal from Rome and the Battle of Mentana, where French and Papal forces defeated Garibaldi's volunteers. [1870: The Vatican Council and the Fall of Rome]: This pivotal chapter examines the events of 1870, including the First Vatican Council and the definition of Papal Infallibility. It details the internal opposition led by Austrian and Hungarian bishops like Rauscher and Stroßmayer. Simultaneously, it explores the secret negotiations for a Triple Alliance between Austria, France, and Italy, which led Count Beust to suggest the sacrifice of Rome to gain Italian support. The chapter concludes with the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, the withdrawal of French protection, and the final Italian capture of Rome on September 20, 1870. [The End of Pius IX's Pontificate (1870-1878)]: This chapter describes the final years of Pius IX as the 'Prisoner in the Vatican'. It details the diplomatic isolation of the Holy See and the strained relations with Austria-Hungary following the unilateral cancellation of the Concordat. The author reveals a previously unknown letter from the Pope to Emperor Franz Joseph threatening excommunication over the 1874 confessional laws. The section covers the death of Cardinal Antonelli and concludes with the final days of Pius IX and his refusal to receive an Austrian Archduke in Rome. [The Election of Leo XIII (1878)]: This chapter details the 1878 conclave that elected Cardinal Pecci as Pope Leo XIII. It explores the diplomatic preparations of the European powers to ensure a free election in Rome. The author reveals that Austria-Hungary again prepared a secret veto, this time targeting Cardinals Ledochowski and Franzelin to appease Bismarck, though it was never used. The chapter describes the swift election of Leo XIII and the initial hopes for a more conciliatory Papal policy. [The First Decade of Leo XIII (1878-1887)]: This extensive chapter covers the first ten years of Leo XIII's reign, focusing on his diplomatic efforts to end the Kulturkampf in Germany and his outreach to the Slavic world. It details the complex relationship with Bismarck, the impact of the Triple Alliance on the Roman Question, and the Pope's interest in the Balkans and the Orient. The author analyzes Count Kálnoky's 1883 memorandum on conservative policy and the rise of Cardinal Rampolla as State Secretary, marking a shift toward pro-French and pro-Russian orientations. [The Dismissal of Count Kálnoky]: This chapter details the internal political crisis in Austria-Hungary that led to the resignation of Foreign Minister Count Kálnoky. The conflict centered on the activities of Nuncio Agliardi in Hungary and the rise of the Christian Social Party under Karl Lueger in Vienna. The author examines the tensions between the central government and the Hungarian liberal ministry of Bánffy over church laws and the 'way-baptizing' of children from mixed marriages. Kálnoky's resignation is portrayed as a victory for Hungarian chauvinism over the interests of the unified monarchy. [The Struggle Against Rampolla and the Death of Leo XIII]: The final chapter describes the increasing hostility between the Austrian government and Cardinal Rampolla during the last years of Leo XIII's pontificate. Key conflicts include the 'San Girolamo' affair involving Croatian national interests and the Pope's 'ralliement' policy toward the French Republic. The author details the rise of nationalistic strife within the Austrian clergy and the Vatican's perceived pro-Slavic bias. The volume concludes with the death of Leo XIII in 1903 and Count Goluchowski's immediate instruction to exercise the Austrian veto against Rampolla in the upcoming conclave.
This segment contains the title page, publication details, and a comprehensive table of contents for the first volume of Friedrich Engel-Janosi's work on the relationship between Austria and the Vatican from 1846 to 1918. The table of contents outlines the pontificates of Pius IX and Leo XIII, covering key historical events such as the Conclave of 1846, the 1848 revolutions, the crisis of the Papal States (1859-1861), the Syllabus of Errors, the First Vatican Council, and the early years of Leo XIII's papacy. It highlights the roles of major diplomatic figures like Metternich, Lützow, Antonelli, and Kálnoky.
Read full textThis segment provides a detailed table of contents for the final chapters of the volume, covering the dismissal of Count Kálnoky and the diplomatic struggles against Cardinal Rampolla. It lists key events such as the German Emperor's visit to Rome, the rise of the Christian Social Party, and the tensions surrounding the Slavic question and the 'Roman Question'.
Read full textThe author provides a list of illustrations and an extensive introduction explaining the methodology and sources used for the study. He emphasizes the value of previously untapped diplomatic correspondence from Austrian and French archives, arguing that Austrian diplomacy was more skilled than its reputation suggests. The introduction also discusses the unique relationship between the Papacy and the Habsburg Monarchy, noting the persistent tensions despite their shared conservative interests.
Read full textThis chapter examines the election of Pope Pius IX following the death of Gregory XVI. It details the political atmosphere in Rome and the interests of the European powers, particularly Austria and France. The author analyzes the 'Tableau des Cardinaux' sent by Ambassador Lützow and Metternich's instructions, revealing that Austria's attempt to exercise its veto against Cardinal Bernetti arrived too late, as the conclave was unexpectedly short. The initial positive reception of Mastai-Ferretti's election by Austrian officials is also noted.
Read full textThis chapter explores the early years of Pius IX's pontificate and the conflicting advice he received from Austria and France. Metternich urged the Pope to maintain authority and avoid 'concessions' to liberal demands, while France encouraged reforms. The text details the growing unrest in the Papal States, the Ferrara crisis involving Austrian military intervention, and the Pope's struggle to balance his role as an Italian patriot with his duties as the universal head of the Church during the revolutionary upheavals of 1848.
Read full textThis section covers the Pope's flight to Gaeta, the proclamation of the Roman Republic, and the subsequent diplomatic efforts to restore the Papal temporal power. It highlights the rivalry between Austria and France during the restoration process. Count Moritz Esterházy represents Austrian interests, while France sends an expeditionary force to Rome. The chapter details the negotiations over internal reforms in the Papal States, culminating in the Motu Proprio of Portici and the Pope's eventual return to Rome in 1850.
Read full textThis chapter focuses on the period of relative stability following the restoration, marked by the negotiation and signing of the Austrian Concordat of 1855. This agreement signaled the end of Josephinism in Austria and established a new partnership between the Habsburg throne and the Catholic Church. The author also discusses the internal administration of the Papal States under Cardinal Antonelli, the reorganization of the Papal army, and the Pope's 1857 journey through his territories.
Read full textThis chapter details the catastrophic loss of Papal territory during the Second Italian War of Independence and the subsequent unification of Italy. It analyzes the impact of the Austrian defeat at Solferino, the withdrawal of Austrian troops from the Legations, and the failure of the proposed European congress. The author examines the diplomatic maneuvers of Count Rechberg and Ambassador Alexander Bach as they attempted to protect the Pope's remaining territories against the advances of Cavour and Garibaldi, leading up to the defeat at Castelfidardo.
Read full textThis section covers the mid-1860s, focusing on the Syllabus Errorum (1864) and the September Convention between France and Italy. It details the mission of Ambassador Hübner and the impact of the 1866 Austro-Prussian War on the Roman Question. Despite its own military crisis, Austria insisted on the preservation of the Pope's temporal power in secret treaties with France. The chapter concludes with the French withdrawal from Rome and the Battle of Mentana, where French and Papal forces defeated Garibaldi's volunteers.
Read full textThis pivotal chapter examines the events of 1870, including the First Vatican Council and the definition of Papal Infallibility. It details the internal opposition led by Austrian and Hungarian bishops like Rauscher and Stroßmayer. Simultaneously, it explores the secret negotiations for a Triple Alliance between Austria, France, and Italy, which led Count Beust to suggest the sacrifice of Rome to gain Italian support. The chapter concludes with the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, the withdrawal of French protection, and the final Italian capture of Rome on September 20, 1870.
Read full textThis chapter describes the final years of Pius IX as the 'Prisoner in the Vatican'. It details the diplomatic isolation of the Holy See and the strained relations with Austria-Hungary following the unilateral cancellation of the Concordat. The author reveals a previously unknown letter from the Pope to Emperor Franz Joseph threatening excommunication over the 1874 confessional laws. The section covers the death of Cardinal Antonelli and concludes with the final days of Pius IX and his refusal to receive an Austrian Archduke in Rome.
Read full textThis chapter details the 1878 conclave that elected Cardinal Pecci as Pope Leo XIII. It explores the diplomatic preparations of the European powers to ensure a free election in Rome. The author reveals that Austria-Hungary again prepared a secret veto, this time targeting Cardinals Ledochowski and Franzelin to appease Bismarck, though it was never used. The chapter describes the swift election of Leo XIII and the initial hopes for a more conciliatory Papal policy.
Read full textThis extensive chapter covers the first ten years of Leo XIII's reign, focusing on his diplomatic efforts to end the Kulturkampf in Germany and his outreach to the Slavic world. It details the complex relationship with Bismarck, the impact of the Triple Alliance on the Roman Question, and the Pope's interest in the Balkans and the Orient. The author analyzes Count Kálnoky's 1883 memorandum on conservative policy and the rise of Cardinal Rampolla as State Secretary, marking a shift toward pro-French and pro-Russian orientations.
Read full textThis chapter details the internal political crisis in Austria-Hungary that led to the resignation of Foreign Minister Count Kálnoky. The conflict centered on the activities of Nuncio Agliardi in Hungary and the rise of the Christian Social Party under Karl Lueger in Vienna. The author examines the tensions between the central government and the Hungarian liberal ministry of Bánffy over church laws and the 'way-baptizing' of children from mixed marriages. Kálnoky's resignation is portrayed as a victory for Hungarian chauvinism over the interests of the unified monarchy.
Read full textThe final chapter describes the increasing hostility between the Austrian government and Cardinal Rampolla during the last years of Leo XIII's pontificate. Key conflicts include the 'San Girolamo' affair involving Croatian national interests and the Pope's 'ralliement' policy toward the French Republic. The author details the rise of nationalistic strife within the Austrian clergy and the Vatican's perceived pro-Slavic bias. The volume concludes with the death of Leo XIII in 1903 and Count Goluchowski's immediate instruction to exercise the Austrian veto against Rampolla in the upcoming conclave.
Read full text