by Engel Jánosi
[Front Matter and Table of Contents]: Front matter including the title page, publication details for the 70th birthday festschrift of Friedrich Engel-Janosi, and the table of contents covering essays on Austrian foreign policy from 1830 to 1945. [The 'Ballhausplatz' 1848–1918: Organization and Influence]: An analysis of the internal organization and political influence of the Austro-Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (the Ballhausplatz) between 1848 and 1918. The essay explores the tension between the Emperor's personal domain over foreign policy and the professional influence of ministers and high-ranking officials like Schwarzenberg, Kálnoky, and Aehrenthal. It details the administrative reforms, the social composition of the diplomatic corps, and the ministry's role in maintaining the empire's status as a European necessity despite internal national conflicts. [Sources and Notes for 'The Ballhausplatz']: Bibliographical notes and source references for the essay on the Ballhausplatz, including mentions of the Austrian State Archives and key works by Musulin, Bittner, and Hantsch. [Austria and the Beginnings of the Kingdom of Greece]: This essay examines Austria's diplomatic involvement in the early years of the Kingdom of Greece (1830s-1840s). It focuses on the career of Anton Prokesch-Osten, Austria's representative in Athens, and his efforts to navigate the interests of the 'protecting powers' (England, France, Russia) and the Bavarian regency. The text details the internal Greek political struggles, the transition from Metternich's initial skepticism to a policy of supporting Greek independence as a barrier against Russian expansion, and the eventual 1843 revolution that imposed a constitution on King Otto. [Appendix: Character Sketches of Greek Leaders by Prokesch]: An appendix containing Anton Prokesch-Osten's personal characterizations of key figures in the Greek struggle for independence and early government, including General Church, Gura, Kolettis, Kolokotronis, and Mavrokordatos. [Notes for 'Austria and the Beginnings of the Kingdom of Greece']: Detailed scholarly notes and citations for the essay on Austria and Greece, referencing the Prokesch-Osten papers in the Austrian State Archives and various published correspondences. [A Struggle for Austria in Berlin and Frankfurt 1849–1855]: A detailed study of the diplomatic struggle between Austria and Prussia for hegemony in Germany following the 1848 revolutions. The essay focuses on Anton Prokesch-Osten's missions to Berlin and the Frankfurt Diet, where he faced off against Prussian interests and the rising Otto von Bismarck. It covers the 'Humiliation of Olmütz,' the Dresden Conferences, and the competition over the Zollverein, highlighting the clash between Austria's 'Central European' vision and Prussia's drive for German leadership. [Notes for 'A Struggle for Austria in Berlin and Frankfurt']: Scholarly notes and source references for the essay on Austro-Prussian relations, including citations of works by Srbik and Meinecke, and Prokesch's correspondence with Gobineau. [Three Years of the Oriental Question 1856–1859]: This essay tracks the diplomatic maneuvers surrounding the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of the Crimean War. It details Cavour's plans to use the Danubian Principalities as leverage for Italian interests, the rivalry between French and British influence in Constantinople, and the struggle over the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia. The text highlights the roles of diplomats like Stratford de Redcliffe and Prokesch-Osten and the shifting alliances leading up to the 1859 war in Italy. [Notes for 'Three Years of the Oriental Question']: Citations and archival references for the 'Oriental Question' essay, including the Thouvenel papers and Cavour's diplomatic correspondence. [The Roman Question in Diplomatic Negotiations 1869/70]: An in-depth examination of the 'Roman Question'—the status of the Pope's temporal power in Rome—during the secret negotiations for a Triple Alliance between France, Austria, and Italy in 1869-1870. The essay explores how the Italian demand for Rome as its capital became the primary obstacle to a military alliance against Prussia. It details the intricate secret diplomacy involving Napoleon III, King Victor Emmanuel, and Count Beust, concluding with the withdrawal of French troops and the Italian occupation of Rome in September 1870. [Notes for 'The Roman Question']: Extensive scholarly notes for the essay on the Roman Question, citing archival documents from Vienna, London, and Paris, as well as key historical works by Oncken and Jacini. [Austria-Hungary in the Summer of 1870]: A study of the internal and external pressures on the Austro-Hungarian Empire during the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. The essay describes the internal constitutional crisis in Cisleithania under Count Potocki's federalist program and the complex diplomatic considerations regarding Russia and the Balkans. It provides a detailed account of the Crown Council meeting on July 18, 1870, where the decision for 'expectant neutrality' was made, balancing the pro-French sympathies of Beust against the cautious realism of Andrássy and the threat of Russian intervention. [Notes for 'Austria-Hungary in the Summer of 1870']: Archival references and notes for the 1870 essay, citing the protocols of the Common Ministerial Council and reports from the National Archives in Washington. [Count Kálnoky's Resignation as Foreign Minister in May 1895]: This essay analyzes the circumstances leading to the resignation of Count Gustav Kálnoky in 1895. It explores the conflict between the common Foreign Minister and the Hungarian government under Bánffy over the influence of the Papal Nuncio Agliardi in domestic affairs. The text details Kálnoky's struggle to maintain a unified foreign policy amidst the rise of the Christian Social movement in Austria and liberal church reforms in Hungary, highlighting the structural weaknesses of the Dual Monarchy's diplomatic leadership. [Notes for 'Count Kálnoky's Resignation']: Bibliographical and archival notes for the Kálnoky essay, citing the Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv in Vienna and the National Archives in Washington. [Remarks on the Austrian Resistance Movement 1938–1945]: An analysis of the Austrian resistance against the Nazi regime from 1938 to 1945. Engel-Janosi argues that the Austrian resistance was distinct from the German one, rooted in a desire to preserve Austrian identity and a traditional antipathy toward Prussian influence. The essay discusses the various social and political groups involved—monarchists, Catholics, socialists, and communists—and the extreme difficulties they faced due to the lack of allied borders and the efficiency of the Gestapo. It highlights early resistance cells and the moral courage required to oppose the regime. [The Three-Point Program of the Austrian Resistance]: This segment details the strategic objectives formulated by Austrian resistance leaders during their imprisonment in Dachau. The three-point program focuses on undermining German military and civilian morale, establishing international connections, and expanding resistance forces while minimizing casualties under Nazi surveillance. It also introduces the transition to specific regional goals in Upper Austria. [Program and Tactics of the Austrian Resistance]: This segment details the specific seven-point program of an Upper Austrian resistance group, focusing on the recruitment of anti-Nazi Austrians, aid for the persecuted, and systematic sabotage of the German war effort. It describes how former officials released from concentration camps used their roles as traveling salesmen to build intelligence networks and how military 'cells' like the 'Freiheitsbataillon Enns' formed within the Wehrmacht. The text also highlights the role of Austrian doctors in keeping soldiers from the front and the cooperation between the underground and foreign forced laborers. [The Final Phase of Resistance and the Liberation of Austria]: The author examines the intensification of resistance after the Battle of Stalingrad and the failed July 20 plot. While a centralized leadership ('O5') was never fully realized, the movement prepared for the post-war order, emphasizing a Danubian federation to prevent future isolation. In the final months of 1945, the resistance actively prevented the 'scorched earth' policy of the SS, saved the art treasures at Alt-Aussee, and assisted the Allied advance into Vienna and the Alpine regions. The essay concludes with the formal proclamation of Austrian independence on April 27, 1945. [The Responsibility of the Historian]: Engel-Janosi reflects on the nature of historiography, defining it as the scientific representation of the socially and politically relevant human past. He critiques the idea of a single 'objective' truth, using the conflicting Metternich interpretations of Srbik and Bibl to demonstrate how a historian's perspective and 'passion' shape the narrative. He argues that true history requires a 'meeting' or 're-living' (Rinascimento) of the past, necessitating both rigorous source criticism ('pre-history') and a creative, independent synthesis that avoids moralistic judging while maintaining intellectual integrity. [Afterword: A Biography of Friedrich Engel-Janosi]: An afterword by the editor providing a detailed biography of Friedrich Engel-Janosi. It traces his origins in the culturally rich atmosphere of late Habsburg Vienna, his service in WWI, and his academic development under Pribram. It discusses his major works on diplomats like Rechberg, Hübner, and Prokesch-Osten, his forced exile to the US in 1938, and his eventual return to the University of Vienna. The text emphasizes his later focus on the diplomatic relations between Austria and the Vatican and his contribution to the history of historicism. [Bibliography and Index]: A comprehensive list of Friedrich Engel-Janosi's books and articles, followed by an alphabetical index of persons mentioned throughout the work, including major 19th-century political and cultural figures such as Bismarck, Metternich, Napoleon III, and various Austrian diplomats.
Front matter including the title page, publication details for the 70th birthday festschrift of Friedrich Engel-Janosi, and the table of contents covering essays on Austrian foreign policy from 1830 to 1945.
Read full textAn analysis of the internal organization and political influence of the Austro-Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (the Ballhausplatz) between 1848 and 1918. The essay explores the tension between the Emperor's personal domain over foreign policy and the professional influence of ministers and high-ranking officials like Schwarzenberg, Kálnoky, and Aehrenthal. It details the administrative reforms, the social composition of the diplomatic corps, and the ministry's role in maintaining the empire's status as a European necessity despite internal national conflicts.
Read full textBibliographical notes and source references for the essay on the Ballhausplatz, including mentions of the Austrian State Archives and key works by Musulin, Bittner, and Hantsch.
Read full textThis essay examines Austria's diplomatic involvement in the early years of the Kingdom of Greece (1830s-1840s). It focuses on the career of Anton Prokesch-Osten, Austria's representative in Athens, and his efforts to navigate the interests of the 'protecting powers' (England, France, Russia) and the Bavarian regency. The text details the internal Greek political struggles, the transition from Metternich's initial skepticism to a policy of supporting Greek independence as a barrier against Russian expansion, and the eventual 1843 revolution that imposed a constitution on King Otto.
Read full textAn appendix containing Anton Prokesch-Osten's personal characterizations of key figures in the Greek struggle for independence and early government, including General Church, Gura, Kolettis, Kolokotronis, and Mavrokordatos.
Read full textDetailed scholarly notes and citations for the essay on Austria and Greece, referencing the Prokesch-Osten papers in the Austrian State Archives and various published correspondences.
Read full textA detailed study of the diplomatic struggle between Austria and Prussia for hegemony in Germany following the 1848 revolutions. The essay focuses on Anton Prokesch-Osten's missions to Berlin and the Frankfurt Diet, where he faced off against Prussian interests and the rising Otto von Bismarck. It covers the 'Humiliation of Olmütz,' the Dresden Conferences, and the competition over the Zollverein, highlighting the clash between Austria's 'Central European' vision and Prussia's drive for German leadership.
Read full textScholarly notes and source references for the essay on Austro-Prussian relations, including citations of works by Srbik and Meinecke, and Prokesch's correspondence with Gobineau.
Read full textThis essay tracks the diplomatic maneuvers surrounding the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of the Crimean War. It details Cavour's plans to use the Danubian Principalities as leverage for Italian interests, the rivalry between French and British influence in Constantinople, and the struggle over the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia. The text highlights the roles of diplomats like Stratford de Redcliffe and Prokesch-Osten and the shifting alliances leading up to the 1859 war in Italy.
Read full textCitations and archival references for the 'Oriental Question' essay, including the Thouvenel papers and Cavour's diplomatic correspondence.
Read full textAn in-depth examination of the 'Roman Question'—the status of the Pope's temporal power in Rome—during the secret negotiations for a Triple Alliance between France, Austria, and Italy in 1869-1870. The essay explores how the Italian demand for Rome as its capital became the primary obstacle to a military alliance against Prussia. It details the intricate secret diplomacy involving Napoleon III, King Victor Emmanuel, and Count Beust, concluding with the withdrawal of French troops and the Italian occupation of Rome in September 1870.
Read full textExtensive scholarly notes for the essay on the Roman Question, citing archival documents from Vienna, London, and Paris, as well as key historical works by Oncken and Jacini.
Read full textA study of the internal and external pressures on the Austro-Hungarian Empire during the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. The essay describes the internal constitutional crisis in Cisleithania under Count Potocki's federalist program and the complex diplomatic considerations regarding Russia and the Balkans. It provides a detailed account of the Crown Council meeting on July 18, 1870, where the decision for 'expectant neutrality' was made, balancing the pro-French sympathies of Beust against the cautious realism of Andrássy and the threat of Russian intervention.
Read full textArchival references and notes for the 1870 essay, citing the protocols of the Common Ministerial Council and reports from the National Archives in Washington.
Read full textThis essay analyzes the circumstances leading to the resignation of Count Gustav Kálnoky in 1895. It explores the conflict between the common Foreign Minister and the Hungarian government under Bánffy over the influence of the Papal Nuncio Agliardi in domestic affairs. The text details Kálnoky's struggle to maintain a unified foreign policy amidst the rise of the Christian Social movement in Austria and liberal church reforms in Hungary, highlighting the structural weaknesses of the Dual Monarchy's diplomatic leadership.
Read full textBibliographical and archival notes for the Kálnoky essay, citing the Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv in Vienna and the National Archives in Washington.
Read full textAn analysis of the Austrian resistance against the Nazi regime from 1938 to 1945. Engel-Janosi argues that the Austrian resistance was distinct from the German one, rooted in a desire to preserve Austrian identity and a traditional antipathy toward Prussian influence. The essay discusses the various social and political groups involved—monarchists, Catholics, socialists, and communists—and the extreme difficulties they faced due to the lack of allied borders and the efficiency of the Gestapo. It highlights early resistance cells and the moral courage required to oppose the regime.
Read full textThis segment details the strategic objectives formulated by Austrian resistance leaders during their imprisonment in Dachau. The three-point program focuses on undermining German military and civilian morale, establishing international connections, and expanding resistance forces while minimizing casualties under Nazi surveillance. It also introduces the transition to specific regional goals in Upper Austria.
Read full textThis segment details the specific seven-point program of an Upper Austrian resistance group, focusing on the recruitment of anti-Nazi Austrians, aid for the persecuted, and systematic sabotage of the German war effort. It describes how former officials released from concentration camps used their roles as traveling salesmen to build intelligence networks and how military 'cells' like the 'Freiheitsbataillon Enns' formed within the Wehrmacht. The text also highlights the role of Austrian doctors in keeping soldiers from the front and the cooperation between the underground and foreign forced laborers.
Read full textThe author examines the intensification of resistance after the Battle of Stalingrad and the failed July 20 plot. While a centralized leadership ('O5') was never fully realized, the movement prepared for the post-war order, emphasizing a Danubian federation to prevent future isolation. In the final months of 1945, the resistance actively prevented the 'scorched earth' policy of the SS, saved the art treasures at Alt-Aussee, and assisted the Allied advance into Vienna and the Alpine regions. The essay concludes with the formal proclamation of Austrian independence on April 27, 1945.
Read full textEngel-Janosi reflects on the nature of historiography, defining it as the scientific representation of the socially and politically relevant human past. He critiques the idea of a single 'objective' truth, using the conflicting Metternich interpretations of Srbik and Bibl to demonstrate how a historian's perspective and 'passion' shape the narrative. He argues that true history requires a 'meeting' or 're-living' (Rinascimento) of the past, necessitating both rigorous source criticism ('pre-history') and a creative, independent synthesis that avoids moralistic judging while maintaining intellectual integrity.
Read full textAn afterword by the editor providing a detailed biography of Friedrich Engel-Janosi. It traces his origins in the culturally rich atmosphere of late Habsburg Vienna, his service in WWI, and his academic development under Pribram. It discusses his major works on diplomats like Rechberg, Hübner, and Prokesch-Osten, his forced exile to the US in 1938, and his eventual return to the University of Vienna. The text emphasizes his later focus on the diplomatic relations between Austria and the Vatican and his contribution to the history of historicism.
Read full textA comprehensive list of Friedrich Engel-Janosi's books and articles, followed by an alphabetical index of persons mentioned throughout the work, including major 19th-century political and cultural figures such as Bismarck, Metternich, Napoleon III, and various Austrian diplomats.
Read full text