by Engel Jánosi
[Front Matter and Dedication]: The front matter includes a memorial dedication to Friedrich Engel-Janosi by Christiane Engel-Janosi, dated 1985, and the original title page information for the 1971 publication concerning Vatican conversations from 1918 to 1938. [Table of Contents (Inhaltsübersicht)]: A detailed table of contents outlining the book's structure, covering the diplomatic missions of Ludwig von Pastor and Rudolf Kohlruss, the pontificates of Benedict XV, Pius XI, and Pius XII, and key historical events such as the Lateran Treaties, the rise of Fascism and National Socialism, and the Austrian 'Anschluss'. [Foreword: The Vatican's Transition to a Global Epoch]: The author defines the central problem of the papacy between 1870 and 1970 as the transition from a European-centered to a global, ecumenical institution. He discusses the limitations of available sources, the importance of Austrian archives, and provides an anecdote about Pius XI's efforts to promote indigenous clergy in the Levant to counter Bolshevism and European colonial rivalry. [Introduction: The Vatican as a Diplomatic System]: The introduction establishes the Vatican as a central node in a global government system, justifying the study of its political ideas and attitudes between the World Wars. The author discusses the methodology of diplomatic history, contrasting the traditional focus on individual events with modern sociological approaches, and emphasizes the unique value of Roman diplomatic reports. [Ludwig von Pastor: The Historian as Diplomat]: This section details the appointment of the renowned papal historian Ludwig von Pastor as the Austrian envoy to the Holy See in 1920. It explores Pastor's scholarly background, his rivalry with Ranke's historiography, and his transition from academia to diplomacy, noting the Vatican's enthusiastic reception of his appointment. [Ludwig von Pastor: The Historian as Diplomat]: This segment explores the dual role of Ludwig von Pastor as both a celebrated historian of the Popes and the Austrian representative to the Vatican starting in 1920. It details his motivation to create a Catholic counter-narrative to Ranke's history, his privileged standing at the Curia under Benedict XV and Pius X, and how his scholarly reputation bolstered the diplomatic influence of the fledgling Austrian Republic. The text also touches on his political efforts regarding South Tyrol and the historiographical critiques of his work by scholars like Srbik and Gooch. [Diplomatic Transitions: From Pastor to Kohlruss]: This section covers the final years of Ludwig von Pastor's mission, his death in 1928, and the appointment of his successor, Rudolf Kohlruss. It highlights Pastor's diplomatic successes regarding South Tyrol and the 'Nationalstiftung' Santa Maria dell' Anima, as well as the unique philosophical and linguistic background of Kohlruss. The text contrasts the two men's styles and discusses the Vatican's view of Austria as a sovereign state attempting to order itself according to papal guidelines. [Chapter I: The Diplomatic Mission of Ludwig von Pastor until the Election of Pius XI]: Chapter I details the Vatican's perspective on the post-WWI European order, specifically the 'chaos' created by the Paris Peace Treaties. Cardinal Gasparri and Pope Benedict XV express deep dissatisfaction with the treaties of Versailles and Saint-Germain, viewing them as a 'forced peace' that would lead to future conflicts. The segment describes the Vatican's humanitarian efforts for Austria, the establishment of diplomatic relations with the new Republic, and concludes with the 1922 conclave following Benedict XV's death, resulting in the election of Achille Ratti as Pius XI. [Chapter II: From the Election of Pius XI to the Locarno Treaties (1922-1925)]: This chapter analyzes the early years of Pius XI's pontificate, focusing on his character and his view of 'providential' statesmen like Mussolini and Ignaz Seipel. It details the Vatican's complex relationship with Italian Fascism, the condemnation of the Ruhr occupation, and the internal struggle over the 'Action française'. Significant attention is given to Austrian interests, including the diplomatic battle over the 'Anima' foundation against German claims and the ecclesiastical administration of South Tyrol and Burgenland. The segment highlights the rise of Eugenio Pacelli as a key diplomatic figure. [Chapter III: From Locarno to the Lateran Treaties (1925-1929)]: Chapter III covers the period of relative European stabilization following Locarno, dominated by the Vatican's struggle against 'excessive nationalism' (Action française) and the negotiations for the Lateran Treaties. Pius XI's authoritative style is emphasized, as is the Vatican's continued support for Austria's independence and its 'providential' leader Seipel. The segment discusses the evolving 'Roman Question', the Vatican's cautious stance on the 'Anschluss' movement, and the diplomatic maneuvers regarding South Tyrol's diocesan boundaries. [Chapter IV: The Five Years until the 1934 Crisis]: This chapter examines the period from 1929 to 1934, marked by the implementation of the Lateran Treaties and the rise of National Socialism in Germany. It details the conflict between the Vatican and Mussolini over 'Catholic Action' (Non abbiamo bisogno) and the subsequent negotiation of the Reichskonkordat, which Pacelli viewed with 'extreme pessimism'. The segment focuses heavily on Austria's internal crisis, the 1934 civil war, and the Vatican's support for Dollfuß's corporatist state. It also introduces the controversial figure of Bishop Alois Hudal and his attempts to bridge Catholicism and National Socialism. [Austria's Path to the 1934 Concordat]: This section details the specific negotiations for the Austrian Concordat of 1934. It explains how the Vatican, learning from the violations of the German Reichskonkordat, sought a 'model' treaty with Austria that would secure the Church's rights in a corporatist state. Key issues included marriage law and the removal of parliamentary opposition. The segment also continues the narrative of Bishop Hudal's role at the 'Anima' and his 'bridge-building' rhetoric between Austrian identity and German nationalism. [Chapter V: Towards the Catastrophe (1934-1938)]: Chapter V describes the final descent into the 'catastrophe' of 1938. It portrays a physically declining but morally resolute Pius XI confronting the 'dreadful' reality of National Socialism. The segment details the secret preparation of the encyclical 'Mit brennender Sorge', Pacelli's profound pessimism regarding German promises, and the Vatican's desperate hope for Austrian independence. It covers the Berchtesgaden meeting, the failed plebiscite, and the eventual Anschluss, noting the Vatican's grief over the loss of the 'Catholic state' of Austria. [Chapter VI: Outlook on Pius XII]: The final chapter provides an outlook on the pontificate of Pius XII (Eugenio Pacelli). It addresses the controversies surrounding his 'silence' during WWII and the Holocaust. The text argues that Pacelli's actions were governed by a 'legalistic' and 'diplomatic' nature, believing that public outcries would worsen the fate of the persecuted. It cites evidence of the Church's extensive rescue operations for Jews and the Pope's internal struggles with the 'dornenvoller' (thorny) path of his office. The segment concludes by framing his papacy as the end of an era in Church history. [II. Der „Mitverschworene“: Pius XII. und die deutsche Opposition]: This section examines the risky and seemingly uncharacteristic decisions made by Pope Pius XII (Eugenio Pacelli) regarding the German resistance. It details his role in facilitating the 1937 encyclical 'Mit brennender Sorge' and his unprecedented 1939 decision to act as a mediator between the German military opposition (including Beck, Canaris, and Oster) and the Western powers. The author explores Pacelli's personal affinity for the 'old school' German military and diplomatic types, his reliance on Jesuit Father Robert Leiber, and his shift from initial skepticism of opposition movements to active involvement. The text highlights the tension between the Pope's public stance of neutrality and his private conviction that the Nazi regime was 'diabolical,' leading him to bypass traditional diplomatic channels and his own advisors to support a potential coup d'état aimed at securing an honorable peace. [III. Der Ausblick: The Personality and Solitude of Pius XII]: This section explores the complex personality of Pope Pius XII (Eugenio Pacelli), emphasizing his profound loneliness and professional distance even from close associates like Robert Leiber and Ludwig Kaas. It discusses his Congenial relationship with the diplomatic corps, his interactions with Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the influence of the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola on his character. The text also addresses the Pope's internal struggle with the 'painful task' of the papacy, his thoughts on potential abdication due to health, and the tension between his diplomatic silence and the desire to speak 'words of fire' against wartime atrocities. [Anhang: Encyclical 'Non abbiamo bisogno' (Pius XI, 1931)]: The full Italian text of Pope Pius XI's 1931 encyclical 'Non abbiamo bisogno', issued in response to the Fascist regime's crackdown on Catholic Action (Azione Cattolica). The Pope defends the non-political nature of the organization, protests against the violence and false accusations leveled by the state, and condemns the 'pagan statolatry' of the Fascist ideology that seeks to monopolize the education of youth. He argues that the Church's right to educate is divinely mandated and superior to the state's temporal claims, while also addressing the problematic nature of the Fascist oath for Catholics. [Allocutio in Sacro Consistorio (Pius XI, 1933)]: A Latin allocution by Pope Pius XI from the Secret Consistory of March 13, 1933. The Pope reviews recent ecclesiastical achievements, including the encyclicals 'Casti connubii' and 'Quadragesimo anno', and the growth of Catholic Action. He expresses grave concern over the global economic crisis and the rise of militant atheism and communism in Russia, Mexico, and Spain. Notably, he issues a formal diplomatic protest regarding the baptism of the Bulgarian royal infant in the Orthodox Church, which violated previous promises made to the Holy See. [Diplomatic Reports: Austrian Legation to the Holy See (1932-1934)]: A series of diplomatic reports from Rudolf Kohlruss, the Austrian Minister to the Holy See, to the Austrian Chancellery. The reports analyze the 1932 encyclical 'Caritate Christi compulsi', noting the Vatican's critique of global greed, imperialism, and the concentration of wealth. Later reports from 1934 discuss the Vatican's cautious support for the Dollfuß government's anti-terror measures and technical disputes over the ratification of the Austrian Concordat, specifically regarding the placement of signatures and the inclusion of secret protocols. [Diplomatic Reports: The Mit brennender Sorge Revelation (1937-1938)]: Highly confidential reports from Kohlruss detailing the secret preparation of the anti-Nazi encyclical 'Mit brennender Sorge' in March 1937. Kohlruss describes the extreme secrecy required to prevent German confiscation. The final report from February 1938, shortly before the Anschluss, describes the Vatican's 'high-grade nervousness' and erbittered reproaches toward Italy for its perceived complicity in the German persecution of the Church, while praising Schuschnigg's brave stance. [Exkurs: Ludwig von Pastor's Diaries and Diplomatic Accuracy]: An excursus evaluating the published diaries of the historian and diplomat Ludwig von Pastor. The author compares Pastor's original diplomatic reports sent to Vienna with the edited versions published by Wilhelm Wühr in 1950. The analysis reveals significant omissions and 'flattening' of Pastor's vivid political judgments, particularly regarding the Vatican's true stance on Emperor Karl's restoration attempts, the rise of Fascism, and the character of Pope Pius XI. The author argues that these editorial choices have diminished the historical value of the diaries. [Footnotes for Chapters I, II, and III]: Detailed academic footnotes for the first three chapters of the book. These references cover the diplomatic mission of Ludwig von Pastor, the election of Pope Pius XI, the political landscape of the 1920s including the rise of Fascism in Italy, and the diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the Austrian Republic under Ignaz Seipel. It includes citations for primary sources such as diaries, telegrams, and archival records from the Vienna Archiepiscopal Archive. [Footnotes for Chapter IV: The Five Years Leading to the 1934 Crisis]: Footnotes documenting the critical period between 1929 and 1934. The references focus on the negotiation of the Reichskonkordat with Nazi Germany and the Austrian Concordat of 1933. Key figures cited include Eugenio Pacelli (the future Pius XII), Dollfuß, and various German bishops. The notes provide sources for the Vatican's reaction to the rise of National Socialism and the dissolution of the Center Party. [Footnotes for Chapter V: Towards the Catastrophe]: Footnotes for the final chapter concerning the years leading up to the Second World War and the 'Anschluss' of Austria. It includes references to the encyclical 'Mit brennender Sorge', the Abyssinian crisis, and the controversial role of Bishop Alois Hudal. The sources document the increasing tension between the Holy See and the Third Reich, as well as the internal vatican perspectives on the impending European catastrophe. [Footnotes for Chapter VI: Outlook on Pius XII]: Footnotes for the concluding outlook on the papacy of Pius XII during World War II. These references cite the 'Actes et Documents du Saint Siège' and discuss the Pope's relationship with the German resistance movement (the 'Mitverschworene'). It includes citations regarding the Vatican's efforts to assist Jews and the complex diplomatic balancing act maintained during the conflict. [Notes to Chapter III: Der Ausblick]: Detailed bibliographic notes and citations for the concluding section of the book, referencing primary sources such as the 'Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre mondiale', Tardini's notes, and various historical accounts of Vatican diplomacy during the 1930s and 1940s. [Register: A - G]: Index of persons and subjects from A to G. Key entries include detailed sub-points on Pope Benedict XV's peace efforts, Ambassador Diego von Bergen's interactions with the Vatican, the Holy See's evolving assessment of the NSDAP and Hitler, and Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri's diplomatic strategies regarding Italy, France, and Germany. [Register: G - P]: Index of persons and subjects from G to P. Highlights include Bishop Alois Hudal's controversial publications, the Vatican's stance on the Abyssinian War, the diplomatic career of Eugenio Pacelli (Pius XII) including his role in the Reichskonkordat and cooperation with the German opposition, and the historical work of Ludwig von Pastor. [Register: P - Z and Publisher's Advertisement]: Final index section (P to Z) and an advertisement for Friedrich Engel-Janosi's other work on the political correspondence between Popes and Austrian Emperors (1804–1918). The index covers figures like Giuseppe Pizzardo, Ignaz Seipel, and Domenico Tardini, as well as topics like the Vatican's relations with Soviet Russia and the Spanish Civil War.
The front matter includes a memorial dedication to Friedrich Engel-Janosi by Christiane Engel-Janosi, dated 1985, and the original title page information for the 1971 publication concerning Vatican conversations from 1918 to 1938.
Read full textA detailed table of contents outlining the book's structure, covering the diplomatic missions of Ludwig von Pastor and Rudolf Kohlruss, the pontificates of Benedict XV, Pius XI, and Pius XII, and key historical events such as the Lateran Treaties, the rise of Fascism and National Socialism, and the Austrian 'Anschluss'.
Read full textThe author defines the central problem of the papacy between 1870 and 1970 as the transition from a European-centered to a global, ecumenical institution. He discusses the limitations of available sources, the importance of Austrian archives, and provides an anecdote about Pius XI's efforts to promote indigenous clergy in the Levant to counter Bolshevism and European colonial rivalry.
Read full textThe introduction establishes the Vatican as a central node in a global government system, justifying the study of its political ideas and attitudes between the World Wars. The author discusses the methodology of diplomatic history, contrasting the traditional focus on individual events with modern sociological approaches, and emphasizes the unique value of Roman diplomatic reports.
Read full textThis section details the appointment of the renowned papal historian Ludwig von Pastor as the Austrian envoy to the Holy See in 1920. It explores Pastor's scholarly background, his rivalry with Ranke's historiography, and his transition from academia to diplomacy, noting the Vatican's enthusiastic reception of his appointment.
Read full textThis segment explores the dual role of Ludwig von Pastor as both a celebrated historian of the Popes and the Austrian representative to the Vatican starting in 1920. It details his motivation to create a Catholic counter-narrative to Ranke's history, his privileged standing at the Curia under Benedict XV and Pius X, and how his scholarly reputation bolstered the diplomatic influence of the fledgling Austrian Republic. The text also touches on his political efforts regarding South Tyrol and the historiographical critiques of his work by scholars like Srbik and Gooch.
Read full textThis section covers the final years of Ludwig von Pastor's mission, his death in 1928, and the appointment of his successor, Rudolf Kohlruss. It highlights Pastor's diplomatic successes regarding South Tyrol and the 'Nationalstiftung' Santa Maria dell' Anima, as well as the unique philosophical and linguistic background of Kohlruss. The text contrasts the two men's styles and discusses the Vatican's view of Austria as a sovereign state attempting to order itself according to papal guidelines.
Read full textChapter I details the Vatican's perspective on the post-WWI European order, specifically the 'chaos' created by the Paris Peace Treaties. Cardinal Gasparri and Pope Benedict XV express deep dissatisfaction with the treaties of Versailles and Saint-Germain, viewing them as a 'forced peace' that would lead to future conflicts. The segment describes the Vatican's humanitarian efforts for Austria, the establishment of diplomatic relations with the new Republic, and concludes with the 1922 conclave following Benedict XV's death, resulting in the election of Achille Ratti as Pius XI.
Read full textThis chapter analyzes the early years of Pius XI's pontificate, focusing on his character and his view of 'providential' statesmen like Mussolini and Ignaz Seipel. It details the Vatican's complex relationship with Italian Fascism, the condemnation of the Ruhr occupation, and the internal struggle over the 'Action française'. Significant attention is given to Austrian interests, including the diplomatic battle over the 'Anima' foundation against German claims and the ecclesiastical administration of South Tyrol and Burgenland. The segment highlights the rise of Eugenio Pacelli as a key diplomatic figure.
Read full textChapter III covers the period of relative European stabilization following Locarno, dominated by the Vatican's struggle against 'excessive nationalism' (Action française) and the negotiations for the Lateran Treaties. Pius XI's authoritative style is emphasized, as is the Vatican's continued support for Austria's independence and its 'providential' leader Seipel. The segment discusses the evolving 'Roman Question', the Vatican's cautious stance on the 'Anschluss' movement, and the diplomatic maneuvers regarding South Tyrol's diocesan boundaries.
Read full textThis chapter examines the period from 1929 to 1934, marked by the implementation of the Lateran Treaties and the rise of National Socialism in Germany. It details the conflict between the Vatican and Mussolini over 'Catholic Action' (Non abbiamo bisogno) and the subsequent negotiation of the Reichskonkordat, which Pacelli viewed with 'extreme pessimism'. The segment focuses heavily on Austria's internal crisis, the 1934 civil war, and the Vatican's support for Dollfuß's corporatist state. It also introduces the controversial figure of Bishop Alois Hudal and his attempts to bridge Catholicism and National Socialism.
Read full textThis section details the specific negotiations for the Austrian Concordat of 1934. It explains how the Vatican, learning from the violations of the German Reichskonkordat, sought a 'model' treaty with Austria that would secure the Church's rights in a corporatist state. Key issues included marriage law and the removal of parliamentary opposition. The segment also continues the narrative of Bishop Hudal's role at the 'Anima' and his 'bridge-building' rhetoric between Austrian identity and German nationalism.
Read full textChapter V describes the final descent into the 'catastrophe' of 1938. It portrays a physically declining but morally resolute Pius XI confronting the 'dreadful' reality of National Socialism. The segment details the secret preparation of the encyclical 'Mit brennender Sorge', Pacelli's profound pessimism regarding German promises, and the Vatican's desperate hope for Austrian independence. It covers the Berchtesgaden meeting, the failed plebiscite, and the eventual Anschluss, noting the Vatican's grief over the loss of the 'Catholic state' of Austria.
Read full textThe final chapter provides an outlook on the pontificate of Pius XII (Eugenio Pacelli). It addresses the controversies surrounding his 'silence' during WWII and the Holocaust. The text argues that Pacelli's actions were governed by a 'legalistic' and 'diplomatic' nature, believing that public outcries would worsen the fate of the persecuted. It cites evidence of the Church's extensive rescue operations for Jews and the Pope's internal struggles with the 'dornenvoller' (thorny) path of his office. The segment concludes by framing his papacy as the end of an era in Church history.
Read full textThis section examines the risky and seemingly uncharacteristic decisions made by Pope Pius XII (Eugenio Pacelli) regarding the German resistance. It details his role in facilitating the 1937 encyclical 'Mit brennender Sorge' and his unprecedented 1939 decision to act as a mediator between the German military opposition (including Beck, Canaris, and Oster) and the Western powers. The author explores Pacelli's personal affinity for the 'old school' German military and diplomatic types, his reliance on Jesuit Father Robert Leiber, and his shift from initial skepticism of opposition movements to active involvement. The text highlights the tension between the Pope's public stance of neutrality and his private conviction that the Nazi regime was 'diabolical,' leading him to bypass traditional diplomatic channels and his own advisors to support a potential coup d'état aimed at securing an honorable peace.
Read full textThis section explores the complex personality of Pope Pius XII (Eugenio Pacelli), emphasizing his profound loneliness and professional distance even from close associates like Robert Leiber and Ludwig Kaas. It discusses his Congenial relationship with the diplomatic corps, his interactions with Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the influence of the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola on his character. The text also addresses the Pope's internal struggle with the 'painful task' of the papacy, his thoughts on potential abdication due to health, and the tension between his diplomatic silence and the desire to speak 'words of fire' against wartime atrocities.
Read full textThe full Italian text of Pope Pius XI's 1931 encyclical 'Non abbiamo bisogno', issued in response to the Fascist regime's crackdown on Catholic Action (Azione Cattolica). The Pope defends the non-political nature of the organization, protests against the violence and false accusations leveled by the state, and condemns the 'pagan statolatry' of the Fascist ideology that seeks to monopolize the education of youth. He argues that the Church's right to educate is divinely mandated and superior to the state's temporal claims, while also addressing the problematic nature of the Fascist oath for Catholics.
Read full textA Latin allocution by Pope Pius XI from the Secret Consistory of March 13, 1933. The Pope reviews recent ecclesiastical achievements, including the encyclicals 'Casti connubii' and 'Quadragesimo anno', and the growth of Catholic Action. He expresses grave concern over the global economic crisis and the rise of militant atheism and communism in Russia, Mexico, and Spain. Notably, he issues a formal diplomatic protest regarding the baptism of the Bulgarian royal infant in the Orthodox Church, which violated previous promises made to the Holy See.
Read full textA series of diplomatic reports from Rudolf Kohlruss, the Austrian Minister to the Holy See, to the Austrian Chancellery. The reports analyze the 1932 encyclical 'Caritate Christi compulsi', noting the Vatican's critique of global greed, imperialism, and the concentration of wealth. Later reports from 1934 discuss the Vatican's cautious support for the Dollfuß government's anti-terror measures and technical disputes over the ratification of the Austrian Concordat, specifically regarding the placement of signatures and the inclusion of secret protocols.
Read full textHighly confidential reports from Kohlruss detailing the secret preparation of the anti-Nazi encyclical 'Mit brennender Sorge' in March 1937. Kohlruss describes the extreme secrecy required to prevent German confiscation. The final report from February 1938, shortly before the Anschluss, describes the Vatican's 'high-grade nervousness' and erbittered reproaches toward Italy for its perceived complicity in the German persecution of the Church, while praising Schuschnigg's brave stance.
Read full textAn excursus evaluating the published diaries of the historian and diplomat Ludwig von Pastor. The author compares Pastor's original diplomatic reports sent to Vienna with the edited versions published by Wilhelm Wühr in 1950. The analysis reveals significant omissions and 'flattening' of Pastor's vivid political judgments, particularly regarding the Vatican's true stance on Emperor Karl's restoration attempts, the rise of Fascism, and the character of Pope Pius XI. The author argues that these editorial choices have diminished the historical value of the diaries.
Read full textDetailed academic footnotes for the first three chapters of the book. These references cover the diplomatic mission of Ludwig von Pastor, the election of Pope Pius XI, the political landscape of the 1920s including the rise of Fascism in Italy, and the diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the Austrian Republic under Ignaz Seipel. It includes citations for primary sources such as diaries, telegrams, and archival records from the Vienna Archiepiscopal Archive.
Read full textFootnotes documenting the critical period between 1929 and 1934. The references focus on the negotiation of the Reichskonkordat with Nazi Germany and the Austrian Concordat of 1933. Key figures cited include Eugenio Pacelli (the future Pius XII), Dollfuß, and various German bishops. The notes provide sources for the Vatican's reaction to the rise of National Socialism and the dissolution of the Center Party.
Read full textFootnotes for the final chapter concerning the years leading up to the Second World War and the 'Anschluss' of Austria. It includes references to the encyclical 'Mit brennender Sorge', the Abyssinian crisis, and the controversial role of Bishop Alois Hudal. The sources document the increasing tension between the Holy See and the Third Reich, as well as the internal vatican perspectives on the impending European catastrophe.
Read full textFootnotes for the concluding outlook on the papacy of Pius XII during World War II. These references cite the 'Actes et Documents du Saint Siège' and discuss the Pope's relationship with the German resistance movement (the 'Mitverschworene'). It includes citations regarding the Vatican's efforts to assist Jews and the complex diplomatic balancing act maintained during the conflict.
Read full textDetailed bibliographic notes and citations for the concluding section of the book, referencing primary sources such as the 'Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre mondiale', Tardini's notes, and various historical accounts of Vatican diplomacy during the 1930s and 1940s.
Read full textIndex of persons and subjects from A to G. Key entries include detailed sub-points on Pope Benedict XV's peace efforts, Ambassador Diego von Bergen's interactions with the Vatican, the Holy See's evolving assessment of the NSDAP and Hitler, and Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri's diplomatic strategies regarding Italy, France, and Germany.
Read full textIndex of persons and subjects from G to P. Highlights include Bishop Alois Hudal's controversial publications, the Vatican's stance on the Abyssinian War, the diplomatic career of Eugenio Pacelli (Pius XII) including his role in the Reichskonkordat and cooperation with the German opposition, and the historical work of Ludwig von Pastor.
Read full textFinal index section (P to Z) and an advertisement for Friedrich Engel-Janosi's other work on the political correspondence between Popes and Austrian Emperors (1804–1918). The index covers figures like Giuseppe Pizzardo, Ignaz Seipel, and Domenico Tardini, as well as topics like the Vatican's relations with Soviet Russia and the Spanish Civil War.
Read full text