Richard Reisch · 1912
Richard Reisch’s expanded lecture treats the dispute over cameralistic and commercial bookkeeping as a question of public economic responsibility, sharpened by the controversies around the Austrian state railways. His thesis is that accounting systems have administrative consequences: if the state has become an industrial entrepreneur, its accounts must reveal capital, depreciation, debt use, and real operating success, not merely whether authorized credits were spent.
Ich will durchaus nicht für oder gegen eine der beiden Rechnungsmethoden, sondern nur gegen wirtschaftliche Mängel aus bestehenden Rechnungslegungen Stellung nehmen.
English translation: I do not wish at all to take a position for or against either of the two accounting methods, but only against economic deficiencies arising from existing forms of accounting.
The work first distinguishes the two systems by their proper spheres. Cameralistics suits hierarchical spending administrations: it compares order and execution, budget estimate and cash result. Commercial bookkeeping suits enterprises because it asks whether the original wealth has been preserved and what surplus has arisen. Reisch’s key conceptual move is to show that the same term, “success,” means different things in the two systems.
Der Rechnungsabschluss der kaufmännischen Buchführung gibt sohin einen Vergleich zwischen anfänglichem und schließlichem Vermögen, welcher eben den wirtschaftlichen Erfolg der Unternehmung ersehen läßt; der Rechnungsabschluss der kameralistischen Buchführung hingegen gibt einen Vergleich zwischen Voranschlag und tatsächlichem Ergebnis und spricht von einem günstigen Erfolg immer schon dann, wenn die Ansätze des Voranschlages zu Gunsten des Wirtschaftsherrn übertroffen werden; der Ausdruck Erfolg in der kaufmännischen und in der kameralistischen Verrechnungsmethode bedeuten daher grundverschiedene Dinge.
English translation: The closing account of commercial bookkeeping thus gives a comparison between initial and final assets, which precisely allows the economic success of the enterprise to be discerned; the closing account of cameralist bookkeeping, by contrast, gives a comparison between the estimate and the actual result and speaks of a favorable success already whenever the estimate's figures are exceeded in favor of the economic master; the term 'success' in the commercial and in the cameralist method of accounting therefore signify fundamentally different things.
Reisch grants that cameralistics was historically appropriate to the eighteenth-century state and useful for constitutional budget control. But Austria’s state now runs railways, monopolies, mines, postal, telegraph, and telephone services. A system that records cash movements and budget rubrics while neglecting assets becomes economically blind. The central demand is therefore a Vermögensrechnung, an accounting of property and countervalue.
Denn die Frage, ob auch über das Vermögen Rechnung gelegt werden müsse, ist durchaus nicht eine leere Etikette- oder Kompetenzfrage, sondern hat einen sehr realen Inhalt: ohne Rechnungslegung auch über das Vermögen gibt es keine klare Orientierung über die tatsächliche Entwicklung der Wirtschaftsführung des Staates.
English translation: For the question whether accounting must also be rendered over assets is by no means an empty question of labels or competence, but has a very real content: without accounting also with respect to assets, there can be no clear orientation regarding the actual development of the state's economic management.
Much of the essay’s force comes from concrete examples. Buying public buildings appears as mere expenditure, while renting burdens the budget less visibly; telephone investment is discouraged because cables and apparatus cannot appear as assets; public debt is shown as borrowing without systematic evidence of what was acquired. Even if a balance sheet revealed overindebtedness, Reisch insists, disclosure would not create the fact but only make it administrable.
Die Insuffizienz des Vermögens gibt gewiß nicht das Recht, auf eine Verrechnung des Vermögens überhaupt zu verzichten!
English translation: The insufficiency of assets certainly does not confer the right to dispense with the accounting of assets altogether!
He then dissects the Austrian Zentralrechnungsabschluß, especially the opaque “kontokorrentmäßige Verrechnung” and the category of “schwebende Posten.” These can conceal very different operations—internal transfers, claims against provinces, bank placements, or unbudgeted purchases—under the same provisional form. Against cameralists’ claim of superior clarity, Reisch argues that the system may obscure even elementary facts.
Diese Beispiele beweisen wohl zur Genüge, daß das Kontokorrent die Möglichkeit bietet, alles dasjenige, was man nicht zur Nachweisung bringen will, dadurch, daß man es provisorisch auf Kontokorrent verrechnet, aufzunehmen; insbesondere können alle etatsmäßig nicht vorgesehenen Gebarungen auf diese Weise einer näheren Detaillierung im Zentralrechnungsabschlusse entzogen werden.
English translation: These examples prove well enough that the current account offers the possibility of absorbing everything that one does not wish to bring to disclosure, by provisionally booking it to current account; in particular, all transactions not provided for in the budget can in this way be withdrawn from closer itemization in the central accounting statement.
The state railways form the decisive test case. Reisch acknowledges the ministry’s recent “kaufmännische Bilanz,” but calls it formal rather than substantive because assets remain valued at acquisition cost and depreciation is not regularly charged. The fatal confusion is between expansion and mere replacement:
Hieraus wird so recht deutlich, mit welcher Verständnislosigkeit unsere heutige Kameralistik der Vermögensverrechnung gegenübersteht, da sie die Erneuerung des Fahrparkes mit der Vermehrung desselben, also die Vermögenserhaltung mit der Vermögensvergrößerung, gleichstellt.
English translation: From this it becomes quite clear with what lack of understanding our present-day cameralistics confronts asset accounting, since it equates the renewal of the rolling stock with the increase of the same — that is, the preservation of assets with the augmentation of assets.
Without depreciation, ministers can flatter budgets by postponing replacement of locomotives, wagons, rails, and buildings, then finance ordinary wear by extraordinary credit. This produces inflated results, aging equipment, higher repairs, irregular procurement, and creeping debt. Reisch’s analogy is blunt: the state resembles a merchant who refuses to write down worn assets.
Der Staat befindet sich durch seine mangelhafte Rechnungsführung bezüglich des Staatsbahnbetriebes genau in der gleichen Lage wie ein Geschäftsmann, welcher die Durchführung von Abschreibungen unterläßt, — er täuscht sich über die Höhe des verfügbaren Ertrages, zehrt von seinem Vermögen und verfällt dadurch mehr und mehr in Schulden.
English translation: Through its deficient bookkeeping with respect to the state railway operation, the state finds itself in exactly the same position as a businessman who omits to carry out depreciation — he deceives himself about the level of available yield, consumes his capital, and thereby sinks more and more into debt.
The remedy is accounting adaptation: state enterprises should be treated as distinct economic units whose final figures enter the general budget, while their detailed accounts use balance sheets, profit-and-loss statements, depreciation, reserves, and replacement funds. Parliamentary control would thereby become more real, not weaker. The essay’s lasting relevance lies in its early argument for accrual-like public enterprise accounting and debt transparency.
Daß hiefür wichtige volkswirtschaftliche, staatsfinanzielle und allgemein politische Gesichtspunkte sprechen, das in der gedrängtesten Kürze nachzuweisen, war der Zweck dieser Darlegungen; mögen sie zum Vorteile aller dieser Interessen nicht völlig ungehört verhallen und zunächst auch bei der kaiserlichen Kommission für Verwaltungsreform eine geneigte Würdigung erfahren, welche sich hiebei von dem Grundsatze leiten lassen möge, daß die Verrechnung nicht Selbstzweck, sondern nur Mittel zum Zweck sein dürfe, daher sich auch nicht die Wirtschaft dem Verrechnungssystem, sondern umgekehrt das Verrechnungssystem der konkreten Wirtschaft anzupassen habe.
English translation: That important economic, fiscal, and generally political considerations speak in favor of this, and to demonstrate it in the most condensed brevity, was the purpose of these remarks; may they, for the benefit of all these interests, not fade away entirely unheard, and may they first meet with a favorable appreciation also at the imperial commission for administrative reform, which in this matter may let itself be guided by the principle that accounting must not be an end in itself, but only a means to an end, and that therefore it is not the economy that must adapt to the accounting system, but conversely the accounting system that must adapt to the concrete economy.
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